The Hippies: A Rebellion against the Vietnam War

The Origin and Label By the mid-sixties, the beats, follies, surfers, and psychedelics reached their peaks. This, together with the baby-boomers' coming-of-age, set the perfect basis for the hippie counterculture to start. The Beats contributed a detachment of mainstream society; the Follies gave them a vision of simple, pre-longitudinal, rural life; the Surfers donated zestful hedonism, and a respectful link with nature; the Psychedelics brought mind-expansion, and said that LSI could be used as a escapism from the dreariness of modern life. Grew up against a backdrop of compulsory military service-?at least in the LLC.S. , where the movement had its roots. Culture and Festivals They believed in open use of marijuana, which could also be linked to their ideal of â€Å"back to nature†. Other things that went with this are, letting their hair grow, not bathing, some of them even walked around naked. *use of patchouli oil they dressed In natural fabrics like cotton and linen. *1 967 â€Å"summer of love† Woodstock Festival – the 1 969 Woodstock Free Festival of Music and Arts Is the biggest, one-of-Its-kind festival of all times, with a crowd of about half a million people.There's a movie and two albums trying to recreate the mood of Jim Hendrix, Janis Joplin, The Who, and others performing in the same event. By the end, this festival turned out to be bigger than the music – it became a symbol for everything connected with hippies, the flower children, and the â€Å"love generation. † Also, most hippies developed on the craft of tie-dying. Fashion and Influences Although it was a political and moral movement rejecting Western materialism and the money-grabbing â€Å"rat-race†, the hippies set the tone for most of the fashion In the late ass.They went with the attitude of â€Å"anything goes† , mixing up elements of ethnic and psychedelic Influences. Male dressing was becoming more and more feminine with loose, floun ce, printed pants, neck scarves, and beaded belts. They wore Tolling roe Ana long loose anal – changeling society's Ideas AT masculinity muff can't tell the boys from the girls† was the outraged response to this dressing style. Jim Hendrix was one of the main fashion icons of this culture in the ass, with his exotic, colorful shirts, waistcoats, and wide-brimmed hats.He also wore lots of jewelry, which inspired a lot of designers to start a men's Jewelry collection, which were to be worn over loose shirts and wide-bottomed velvet trousers. In complete contrast to the â€Å"space age† look with geometric patterns and clean lines, the Hippies decorated everything, including painting their body. The past views of psychedelic, ethnic, and romantic all came together, and the hippie-woman would not wear a teasing mint-skirt, but a full-length flow skirt, with love beads and bells.Everyone started to grow their hair long. By 1969, even the well-groomed model Twiggy want ed her hair to her waist. Even the Paris designers got into this new mood with great enthusiasm. The hippies' cheap flamboyant clothes were transformed into expensive designer wear, as the ready-to-wear collections of 1967 was filled with Oriental touches, striped decal bas, harem dresses, tent dresses, rajah coats and Nehru Jacket, in fine wools and silk.Most designers began to follow the hippie ideal of â€Å"doing your own thing†, and Vogue reported that â€Å"the length of your skirt is how you feel this moment. The last collection of the ass were filled with micro skirts, maxis, and the compromised midis. Anti-fashion had triumphed in a round-about and trickle-up way, became the biggest fashion, and nothing would be quite the same ever again! Conclusion The original hippies living in San Francisco would have never imagined that their crazy way of dressing would have become a high-fashion trend by the end of the decade.Theirs was an anti-style that rejected the Western w ork ethic, along with the conformist clothing it encouraged. The Hippies had shocked and intrigued with their communal lifestyle, belief in free love, and experiments with drugs. Some thought they were â€Å"strange beings† in sandals and kaftans, handing out flowers as symbols of love and peace. Others talked of â€Å"alternative society' and their establishment of self-supporting rural communities of like-minded people.

Safety Training

OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide Copyright 2011 Geigle Communications LLC OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS Copyright (c) 2000-2011 Geigle Communications, LLC. No portion of this text may be reprinted for other than personal use. Any commercial use of this document is strictly forbidden. Contact the author to arrange for use as a training document. This study guide is designed to be reviewed off-line as a tool for preparation to successfully complete OSHAcademy Online Course 724. which will contain the correct answers to the questions. The final exam will contain questions taken from each module quiz. I hope you enjoy the course and if you have any questions, feel free to email or call: Read each module, answer the quiz questions, and return online to submit the quiz. Print the quiz response screen Steven Geigle, M. A. , CET, CSHM Geigle Safety Group Inc. 515 NW Saltzman Road #767 Portland, Oregon 97229 www. oshatrain. org www. cshmprep. com [email  protected] net 503. 292. 0654 Copyright 2011 Geigle Communications LLC OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide Course Introduction Why do I need to learn about the risk of occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens? OSHA estimates more than 5. 6 million workers are at risk of occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens. All occupational exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials (OPIM) place workers at risk for infection with bloodborne pathogens. Workers in many different occupations are at risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens, including Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and HIV/AIDS. First aid team members, housekeeping personnel in some settings, nurses and other healthcare providers are examples of workers who may be at risk of exposure. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 1 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 1: WHAT ARE BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS? What are bloodborne pathogens? Bloodborne pathogens are infectious materials in blood that can cause disease when transmitted from an infected individual to another individual through blood and certain body fluids. Bloodborne pathogens are capable of causing serious illness and death. The most common illness caused by bloodborne pathogens are hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrom (AIDS) from HIV, or human immunodeficiency virus. Who is covered by OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens standard? The standard applies to all employees who have occupational exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials (OPIM). ? Occupational exposure is defined as â€Å"reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or OPIM that may result from the performance of the employee's duties. † ? Blood is defined as human blood, human blood components, and products made from human blood. ? Other potentially infectious materials (OPIM) means: a. The following human body fluids: semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid, saliva in dental procedures, any body fluid that is visibly contaminated with blood, and all body fluids in situations where it is difficult or impossible to differentiate between body fluids; b. Any unfixed tissue or organ (other than intact skin) from a human (living or dead); and Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 2 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide c. HIV-containing cell or tissue cultures, organ cultures, and HIV- or HBV-containing culture medium or other solutions; and blood, organs, or other tissues from experimental animals infected with HIV or HBV. The following references aid in recognizing workplace hazards associated with bloodborne pathogens. What is the purpose of OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens standard? The purpose of the standard is to minimize or eliminate occupational exposure to disease-carrying microorganisms or â€Å"pathogens† that can be found in human blood and body fluids. Who must be trained under OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens standard? OSHA has mandated annual training is required for all employees with potential occupational exposure. This means if there is a reasonable possibility an employee might be exposed to blood or other potentially infectious bodily fluids, they must receive training to minimize or eliminate their risk to potential exposure. What are the primary bloodborne pathogens? The primary bloodborne pathogens are: ? ? ? Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Other commonly recognized pathogens transmitted by body fluids include: ? ? ? West Nile Virus Malaria Syphilis OSHA has determined employers can minimize or even eliminate occupational bloodborne hazards by developing and enforcing a combination of exposure control strategies which work for all bloodborne diseases. It is not enough for an employer to provide bloodborne pathogens training; they must also have a formal exposure control plan documented and implemented. Training Is Not Enough; An Employer Must Implement A Formal Exposure Control Plan Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 3 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide Scenario Stanley is an employee for a small manufacturing company. One of Stanley's job responsibilities is to respond to medical emergencies that might happen in the warehouse. Stanley has worked for his employer for five years and has never had to respond to an emergency. Does Stanley still need to receive annual bloodborne pathogens training? Yes! The frequency in which an employee is exposed to potential bloodborne pathogens is not the standard used to determine the need for training. Because there is a reasonable possibility that Stanley might be exposed to bloodborne pathogens as an employee, he must receive annual training. Neither Stanley nor his employer can predict when he might need to provide emergency medical care. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 4 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 1 QUIZ 1. As part of Kevin's job he is required to provide emergency first aid to employees that become injured or ill while at work. What are the three primary bloodborne pathogens Kevin must be aware of due to occupational exposure? a. West Nile Virus, Influenza, and MalariaUrgent and immediate lifesaving and other measures, which can be performed for injured or ill persons by nonmedical personnel when medical personnel are not immediately available. . Hepatitis B, Syphilis, and Malaria c. Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus d. Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Influenza, and Small Pox 2. Samantha is an employee covered by the OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard 29 CFR 1910. 1030. How often must she complete bloodborne pathogen training? a. once b. annually c. every 2 years d. every 4 years 3. What is the purpose of OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens standard? a. To ensure that companies don't unnecessarily train employees about bloodborne pathogens. b. To minimize or eliminate occupational exposure to pathogens that can be found in inorganic matter. c. To minimize or eliminate occupational exposure to disease-carrying microorganisms or â€Å"pathogens† that can be found in human blood and body fluids. d. To increase the likelihood that employees are exposed to bloodborne pathogens. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 5 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide 4. Who is covered by OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens standard? a. Only public employees b. Only EMT's, Nurses, and Doctors. c. Employees who DO NOT have occupational exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials (OPIM). d. All employees who have occupational exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials (OPIM). . In regards to OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens Standard, occupational exposure is defined as: _______. a. reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or OPIM that may result from the performance of the employee's duties b. reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or OPIM while at home c. exposing your employer to legal liability d. skin contact with chemical solutions while in the performance of the employee's duties Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 6 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 2: SPECIFIC BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) The Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the primary causes of Hepatitis, an infection which causes inflammation of the liver. Complications of Hepatitis include cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, and liver failure. There is no known cure for the Hepatitis B virus. In the United States, approximately 15 to 25 percent of people infected with HBV will die because of the illness. Hepatitis B can be either acute or chronic. ? Acute Hepatitis B virus infection is a short-term illness that occurs within the first 6 months after someone is exposed to the Hepatitis B virus. Acute infection can, but does not always, lead to chronic infection. Chronic Hepatitis B virus infection is a long-term illness that occurs when the Hepatitis B virus remains in a person's body. Chronic Hepatitis B is a serious disease that can result in longterm health problems, and even death. Symptoms of HBV Symptoms of HBV infection include, but are not limited to: ? ? ? ? ? ? Loss of appetite Fatigue Fever Nausea, vo miting and/or abdominal pain Joint pain Jaundice seen in the eyes Jaundice, a symptom of hepatitis B, often first appears in the eyes Jaundice, also called icterusis, is a yellowing of the skin or eyes and occurs in the more serious phase of Hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis B can damage the liver, resulting in decreased liver function. As the Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 7 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide liver's ability to filter waste from the blood decreases, the concentration of waste in the blood increases. Only about 50 to 60 percent of individuals infected with Hepatitis B virus show symptoms. It is important to understand even without symptoms, HBV-infected individuals are still infectious to others. Exposure An exposure that might place a worker at risk for HBV, HCV, or HIV infection is defined as: 1. a percutaneous injury (e. . , a needlestick or cut with a sharp object); or 2. contact of mucous membrane or nonintact skin (e. g. , exposed skin that is chapped, abraded, or afflicted with dermatitis) with blood, tissue, or other body fluids that are potentially infectious. Indirect exposure from contaminated objects is a risk, because Hepatitis B virus can remain infectious on environmental surfaces for up to a week (7 days ) in the form of dried blood. This means you must always treat blood, wet or dry, as infectious! Vaccination A vaccination to prevent Hepatitis B virus infection is available. The Hepatitis B vaccine series is a sequence of three shots, typically given one month apart, that stimulate a person's natural immune system to protect against the virus. After the vaccine is given, the body makes antibodies to protect a person against the virus. Antibodies are specialized proteins found in the blood that produce an immune response to a virus invading the body. These antibodies are stored in the body to guard against future infections. They will fight off an infection if a person is exposed to the Hepatitis B virus in the future. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide Scenario Michelle is a custodian in a public elementary school. At the end of each school day, she cleans and vacuums the building, including the schools health room. While cleaning the health room she notices some dried blood on the floor. Should Michelle be concerned about exposure to Hepatitis B virus? Yes. Any blood, wet or dry, has the potential to carry infectio us Hepatitis B virus. As a result, Michelle must take precautions to prevent potential exposure to bloodborne pathogens, including Hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) The Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is also a significant cause of severe liver damage and death. Although only 849 cases of confirmed acute Hepatitis C were reported in the United States in 2007, Center for Disease Control (CDC) estimates approximately 17,000 new Hepatitis C virus infections occurred that year, after adjusting for asymptomatic infection and underreporting. Persons newly infected with Hepatitis C virus are usually asymptomatic, so acute Hepatitis C is rarely identified or reported. Approximately 3. 2 million persons in the United States have chronic Hepatitis C virus infection. Chronic Hepatitis C virus infection accounts for an estimated 8,000-10,000 deaths each year in the United States. Approximately 5% of people infected with Hepatitis C virus die as a result of the long term damage caused to the liver and body. Approximately 70%-80% of people with acute Hepatitis C do not have any symptoms. Some people, however, can have mild to severe symptoms soon after being infected, including: ? ? ? ? Fever Fatigue Loss of appetite Nausea Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 9 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide ? ? ? ? ? ? Vomiting Abdominal pain Dark urine Clay-colored bowel movements Joint pain Jaundice (yellow color in the skin or eyes) If symptoms occur, the average time is 6-7 weeks after exposure, but this can range from 2 weeks to 6 months. However, many people infected with the Hepatitis C virus do not develop symptoms. Hepatitis C virus-infected individuals are infectious to other people, whether they show symptoms or not. Interestingly, Hepatitis C virus is strictly a human disease. It is not known to cause disease in any animals. Blood testing for Hepatitis C virus was not available until 1992. As a result, blood donation agencies did not screen for Hepatitis C virus. Many Hepatitis C virus infections occurred as a result of receiving blood products from infected individuals. Today, testing for Hepatitis C is common place and should occur after any exposure to potential bloodborne pathogens has occurred. There is no vaccine for Hepatitis C. Scenario Manuel is a nurse working nights in the local hospital. During a shift in the emergency department he is stuck with a used needle that punctures his skin and draws blood. Is Manuel at risk for contracting Hepatitis C? Yes. After a needlestick or sharps exposure to Hepatitis C-positive blood, the risk of infection is approximately 1. 8%. Manuel should immediately report the potential exposure and follow his employer's exposure control plan to ensure he receives proper medical treatment and testing. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 10 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide There are approximately 200 million people worldwide infected with the Hepatitis C virus. Hepatitis C infections are treated with antiviral drugs, such as interferon. As of 2004, approximately 63% of Hepatitis C virus patients could expect to be cured of the virus. Any blood spills – including dried blood, which can still be infectious – should be cleaned using a dilution of one part household bleach to 10 parts water. Gloves should be worn when cleaning up blood spills. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the virus responsible for causing Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The HIV virus was originally identified on December 1st, 1981. At the end of 2006, an estimated 1. 1 million persons in the United States were living with diagnosed or undiagnosed HIV/AIDS. In 2007, 42,655 new cases of HIV/AIDS in adults, adolescents, and children were diagnosed. Almost 5,500 people die every day due to AIDS. AIDS caused 2 million deaths in 2008. An estimated 25 million people have died from HIV-related causes since the beginning of the pandemic. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus attacks and suppresses the immune system, reducing a person's ability to fight infection. The virus specifically targets the cells crucial for fighting infection from pathogens. This allows diseases and infections to progress without resistance. Within a few weeks of being infected with HIV, some people develop flu-like symptoms that last for a week or two, but others have no symptoms at all. People living with HIV may appear and feel healthy for several years. However, even if they feel healthy, HIV is still affecting their bodies. Untreated early HIV infection is also associated with many diseases including cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, liver disease, and cancer. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 11 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide Scenario Stacy is a police officer employed by the city of Denver, Colorado. She is regularly required to respond to emergency medical situations, often arriving before the local ambulance company. As a result, Stacy is frequently exposed to human blood. Is Stacy likely to contract HIV from exposure to infected blood? No. As long as Stacy follows universal precautions she is not likely to contract HIV. Universal precautions involve the use of protective barriers such as gloves, gowns, aprons, masks, or protective eyewear, which can reduce the risk of exposure of the first aid provider's skin or mucous membranes to potentially infective materials. It can take many years before an HIV-infected person displays symptoms of the disease. Symptoms include: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Enlarged lymph nodes Fatigue Frequent fevers Persistent or frequent yeast infections of the mouth or vagina Persistent or frequent skin rashes Short-term memory loss Weight loss Enlarged liver and spleen As with Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus, it is important to understand that individuals with HIV are potentially infectious to others, even though they may have no observable symptoms. Presently, there is no kn own cure for HIV. Although the life expectancy for HIV-infected individuals has increased due to recent advances in treatment, the end result of HIV/AIDS is premature death. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 12 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide HIV cannot reproduce outside the human body. It is not spread by: ? ? ? ? ? Air or water. Insects, including mosquitoes. Studies conducted by CDC researchers and others have shown no evidence of HIV transmission from insects. Saliva, tears, or sweat. There is no documented case of HIV being transmitted by spitting. Casual contact like shaking hands or sharing dishes. Closed-mouth or â€Å"social† kissing. All reported cases suggesting new or potentially unknown routes of transmission are thoroughly investigated by state and local health departments with assistance, guidance, and laboratory support from CDC. Disease Comparison Of the three major bloodborne pathogens, Hepatitis B virus is the most contagious. Approximately 33% of individuals exposed to Hepatitis B virus will become infected. Of those individuals exposed to Hepatitis C virus, only about 2% will become infected. Comparatively, Human Immunodeficiency Virus is much less contagious than either form of hepatitis. About 0. 33%, or 1 in 300, people exposed to HIV will become infected with the virus. Despite these statistics, every exposure has the potential to transmit bloodborne pathogens and must be considered significant. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 3 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 2 QUIZ 1. The Hepatitis B virus (HBV) may remain infectious on contaminated objects or surfaces for up to: _______. a. b. c. d. 3 hours 24 hours 3 days 7 days 2. What percentage of individuals infected with Hepatitis B virus display symptoms? a. b. c. d. 10-15% 25-35% 50-60% 80-90% 3. There are approximately __________ people w orldwide infected with the Hepatitis C virus. a. b. c. d. 5 million 75 million 200 million 1 billion 4. Which of the three major bloodborne pathogens is the most contagious, with 33% of those exposed becoming infected? a. b. c. d. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) 5. HIV is not spread by: _______. a. b. c. d. saliva, tears, or sweat casual contact like shaking hands or sharing dishes closed-mouth or â€Å"social† kissing all of the above Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 14 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 3: Transmitting Bloodborne Pathogens Fluids that Spread Bloodborne Pathogens The transmission of bloodborne pathogens from one person to another occurs through the transfer of infected body fluids. Common body fluids which can transmit pathogens include† ? ? ? blood cerebral spinal fluid semen vaginal secretions Semen and vaginal secretions can transmit bloodborne pathogens, but only during sexual contact. Wearing disposable gloves can help protect you from accidental exposure to bloodborne pathogens. Fluids that Do Not Spread Bloodborne Pathogens Some body fluids have no documented risk of transmitting pat hogens, including: ? ? ? ? sweat saliva urine feces Although the risk of contracting a pathogen from these bodily fluids might be low, you may not always be able to tell which fluids you are handling, or whether injury has mixed them with blood. For example, a severe abdominal injury could cause blood to be present in urine or feces. Therefore, it is best to protect yourself from ALL bodily fluids. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 15 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide How Bloodborne Pathogens are Transmitted Non-occupational bloodborne pathogens are most commonly transmitted through: ? ? sexual contact; or sharing hypodermic needles. Occupational bloodborne pathogens are most commonly transmitted through: ? ? puncture wounds from a sharp or contaminated object, such as broken glass; or from a splash of blood to the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth. Protect Yourself from All Bodily Fluids It's important to remember the Hepatitis B virus can remain infectious outside of the body for up to 7 days. For this reason, it is essential that cleanup and decontamination of contaminated objects and surfaces be performed as soon as possible. This will reduce the risk of indirect contact resulting in a bloodborne exposure incident. Understanding how bloodborne pathogens are transmitted will help reduce your risk of exposure and infection. Casual social contact, such as shaking hands, hugging, or sharing a telephone or tool, does not transmit bloodborne pathogens. Direct contact with blood or other potentially infectious bodily fluid can cause an exposure incident. Indirect contact with a contaminated object, such as a countertop, bedding, or clothing, can also cause an exposure incident. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 16 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide Scenario Jasmine is a daycare worker taking care of children between the ages of 6 months and 12 years. Kevin is a 3 year old child at the daycare center and has been complaining of a stomachache. Suddenly Kevin begins to vomit unexpectedly. After Kevin's parents have been called to pick him up, Jasmine is asked to clean up the mess. Should Jasmine be concerned about bloodborne pathogens? Yes! Although vomit is not documented as a risk for transmitting bloodborne pathogens, it is often impossible to determine if there is blood mixed in with the vomit. Even a very small amount of blood has the potential to transmit disease. You should always prevent contact with bodily fluids, regardless of whether blood is visible in the fluids. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 17 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 3: REVIEW QUIZ 1. Trent is an employee for a local ambulance company. As part of his job he is routinely exposed to blood and other bodily fluids. Which of the following could potentially transmit a bloodborne pathogen to Trent? a. b. c. d. Having blood splashed into his eyes Shaking a patient's hand Using the telephone at the hospital Pushing a wheelchair 2. Common body fluids which can transmit pathogens include: _______. a. b. c. d. blood and cerebral spinal fluid sweat and saliva semen and vaginal secretions both a and c 3. Some body fluids have NO documented risk of transmitting pathogens, including: _______. a. b. c. d. lood and cerebral fluid sweat, saliva, urine, and feces semen and vaginal secretions all of the above 4. Bloodborne pathogens are commonly transmitted through: _______. a. b. c. d. puncture wounds from sharp, contaminated objects. shaking hands hugging sharing a telephone 5. It is essential that cleanup and decontamination of contaminated objects and surfaces be performed as soon as possible. a. true b. false Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 18 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 4: The Exposure Control Plan The Exposure Control Plan An employer exposure control plan (ECP) is a requirement of 29 CFR 1910. 030(c) of the Bloodborne Pathogens Standard established by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The purpose of the ECP is to establish procedures to eliminate or minimize employee exposure to bloodborne pathogens. Does your employer have an ECP? A written ECP outlines the strategies necessary to eliminate or minimize employee occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens. This site-specific plan identifies all employee classifications which have occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM). Additional components of an ECP are: ? ? ? ? Engineering and work practice controls Personal protective equipment (PPE) Housekeeping Containment and labeling of potentially infectious materials Site-Specific Methods Another key component of the ECP includes listing the site-specific methods by which the facility will reduce the employee risk. These methods include appropriate training, the communication of hazards, hepatitis B vaccinations for any employee who has occupational risk of exposure, methods for postexposure evaluation and follow-up, proper recordkeeping, and a sharps injury log. The final part of the plan describes the procedure for the investigation and evaluation of circumstances surrounding exposure incidents in order to quickly provide effective follow-up care to exposed employees. This investigation will also help each site team learn from accidents and establish new measures to prevent them from happening again. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 19 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide Employees Must Have Access To Their Employer's Exposure Control Plan (ECP) The written exposure control plan must be accessible to all employees. It must be reviewed and updated annually or when alterations in procedures create the possibility of new occupational exposures. Additionally, non-managerial employees who provide direct patient care must be asked to provide input in the identification, evaluation, and selection of effective controls to isolate or remove bloodborne pathogens from the workplace. Scenario Steven is a new employee for AAA Manufacturing. He has been hired as a supervisor to oversee line production on the swing-shift. As a supervisor, he is expected to provide emergency medical care if an employee becomes injured or sick. Should Steven's position be classified as having occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens? Yes. Although providing emergency medical care is not Steven's primary responsibility, it is part of his job classification. As a result, Steven does have the potential for occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens. Steven's employer must ensure he has the proper training and equipment to provide medical care safely and with minimal risk of occupational exposure. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 20 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 4: REVIEW QUIZ 1. An exposure control plan must: _______. a. . c. d. be unique to each location or job site define the employees covered by the Bloodborne Pathogens Standard provide procedures for investigating and evaluating an exposure all of the above 2. The purpose of the Exposure Control Plan (ECP) is: _______. a. b. c. to establish procedures to create or increase employee exposure to bloodborne pathogens to help employees after they've b een exposed to blood borne pathogens to establish procedures to eliminate or minimize employee exposure to bloodborne pathogens to reduce the employers legal liability after an employee is exposed to blood borne pathogens . 3. The following is a component of an Exposure Control Plan (ECP): _______. a. b. c. d. the release of potentially infectious materials personal protective equipment (PPE) monetary controls purchasing controls 4. Employees must have access To their employer's exposure control plan (ECP). a. b. true false 5. When must an Exposure Control Plan (ECP) be reviewed and updated? a. Semi-annually and when alterations in procedures create the possibility of fewer occupational exposures. Annually or when alterations in procedures create the possibility of new occupational exposures. Every two years Every four years b. c. d. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 21 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 5: Recognize the Potential for Exposure Employer Responsibilities to Identify Jobs at Risk Employers must identify job classifications in which employees have occupational exposure, as well as the associated tasks and procedures in which there is a potential of exposure to blood or other infectious materials. Employers must review job classifications annually to ensure proper procedures and training is established. What jobs are most at risk of exposure? Occupations with a likely chance of occupational exposure include: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? first aid providers teachers daycare workers housekeepers lab workers firefighters Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) and paramedics law enforcement agents medical and dental personnel An employer must review every job classification and make a determination of the potential occupational exposure for that position. Failure to properly identify potential occupational exposure can result in warnings or fines issued by OSHA. If an occupational exposure does occur, it is important for you to follow the employer's written procedures for handling medical self-care and evaluation, as well as documenting the circumstances of the exposure. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 22 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide Scenario Maria is an employee for a local hospital and works in their housekeeping department. Is it Maria's responsibility to know what her occupational exposure is? No. It is the employer's responsibility to ensure each employee is properly trained and understands their potential occupational exposure. Further, the employer is responsible for documenting the training and maintaining all associated records. Maria has the responsibility to follow the established procedures identified in her employer's exposure control plan and ask questions if needed. It is important to know if your job classification puts you at risk for occupational exposure. If your job classification does put you at risk, be aware that specific tasks or procedures in your job may still have the potential for exposure. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 23 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 5: REVIEW QUIZ 1. Sarah has just been assigned new job responsibilities after receiving a promotion at work. Where should Sarah look to determine if her new responsibilities create an occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens? a. b. c. d. an employer provided list of job classifications job applications standard operating procedure employee handbook 2. How often must employers review job classifications to ensure proper procedures and training are established? a. b. c. d. every two years whenever the employer feels like it semi-annually annually 3. Occupations with a likely chance of occupational exposure include: _______. . b. c. d. first aid providers, teachers, and daycare workers housekeepers, lab workers, and fire fighters EMT's/paramedics, law enforcement agents, and medical/dental personnel all of the above 4. An employer must review every job classification and make a determination of the potential occupational exposure for that position. a. b. true false 5. Failure of an employer to prope rly identify potential occupational exposure can result in warnings or fines issued by OSHA. a. b. true false Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 24 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 6: Exposure Control Methods Methods To Control The Risk Of Exposure The recommended infection-control concept called â€Å"Universal Precautions† advocates everyone's blood and body fluids be considered potentially infectious. This eliminates the difficulty in determining risk individually. Remember, although some bodily fluids have not been documented to transmit pathogens, it is sometimes impossible to tell if blood or another potentially infectious fluid is present. The two essential control strategies employees use to eliminate or minimize the transmission of bloodborne diseases in the workplace are: ? engineering controls, and work practice controls. Engineering Controls Engineering controls minimize exposure in the workplace either by removing or isolating the hazard, such as providing a sharps container for needles, splash guards, and mechanical pipetting devices. Engineering controls is all about the equipment used to minimize exposure. The Sharps container for needles is a good example of an eng ineering control. Employers will examine and maintain or replace engineering controls on a regularly scheduled basis. Work Practice Controls Work practice controls focus on the manner in which tasks are performed. For example, using disposable gloves when performing emergency care is considered a work practice control. Another example of work practice controls is to perform all actions involving potentially infectious material in such a way as to minimize splattering, splashing, and spraying. Proper handling and disposal of needles or sharps, contaminated bandages, gauze, or linens is also essential. Work practice controls is all about how tasks are performed to minimize exposure. Safe work practices include eliminating eating, drinking, smoking, applying make-up or lip balm, or handling contact lenses in locations with potentially infectious material. In healthcare facilities, Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 25 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide employees are prohibited from wearing artificial nails. Food and drink must not be kept in a refrigerator, freezer, shelf, or in the general area of where blood or other potentially infectious material are kept. Wash your hands! Hand washing after an exposure can reduce your risk of infection Your employer must provide readily accessible hand-washing facilities or antiseptic hand cleanser or wipes if hand-washing facilities are not available. Perform hand washing immediately after any exposure, even if you were wearing gloves. Vigorous scrubbing with soap or alcohol-based foam or gel and warm water is considered the most effective technique. This will further reduce your risk of infection resulting from an exposure. Practices that are completely prohibited in the workplace include: bending, recapping, and removing contaminated needles, shearing or breaking needles, and mouth pipetting or suctioning of potentially infectious material. Antiseptic hand cleaner in conjunction with clean cloth/paper towels or antiseptic towelettes are examples of acceptable alternatives to running water. However, when these types of alternatives are used, employees must wash their hands (or other affected areas) with soap and running water as soon as feasible. This alternative would only be acceptable at worksites where soap and running water are not feasible. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 26 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide Scenario Dr. Kramer owns and operates a small dental clinic in San Francisco, CA. As part of her exposure control plan, she requires her employees to wash their hands before and after working with any patients. She also requires new gloves be used with every patient. Is this an example of engineering controls or work practice controls? Work practice controls Dr. Kramer is requiring her employees to do something to reduce the risk of occupational exposure. Work practice controls focus on the actions taken to minimize exposure. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 27 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 6: REVIEW QUIZ 1. The recommended infection-control concept called â€Å"Universal Precautions† advocates everyone's blood and body fluids be considered: _______. a. b. c. d. potentially non-infectious not harmful not infectious potentially infectious 2. The two essential control strategies employees use to eliminate or minimize the transmission of bloodborne diseases in the workplace are: _______. a. b. c. d. elimination and administrative controls substitution and elimination controls administrative and substitution controls engineering and work practice controls 3. Which of the following are work practice controls? a. b. c. d. Adding a sharps container to the bathroom. Using disposable gloves when performing emergency care. Adding a splash gaurd into an operating room. Both a and c. 4. Perform _______ immediately after any exposure, even if you were wearing gloves. . b. c. d. hand washing work practice controls engineering controls eye flushing 5. When exposed to bloodborne pathogens, antiseptic hand cleaner in conjunction with clean cloth/paper towels is only an acceptable alternative to washing your hands when soap and running water are not feasible. a. b. true false Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 28 OSHAcademy Course 7 55 Study Guide MODULE 7: Personal Protective Equipment Using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is specialized clothing or equipment that protects you from exposure to blood or other potentially infectious material. Personal protective equipment is designed to keep blood and other potentially infectious material away from your skin, eyes, and mouth Examples of PPE include: disposable gloves, gowns, laboratory coats, protective face shields, resuscitation masks or shields, and mouth pieces. Any equipment necessary to prevent exposure to blood or other potentially infectious material is considered PPE. Effective personal protective equipment must not allow potentially infectious materials to pass through or reach your skin, eyes, mouth, or clothes under normal conditions of use. General work clothes, such as uniforms, pants, shirts, or blouses, which are not intended to function as a protective barrier against hazards, are not considered to be PPE. Employer responsibilities An employer must ensure employees use appropriate personal protective equipment. Your employer must make PPE available to you in the appropriate size and at no cost. Nonlatex alternatives will also be made available to employees who have allergic sensitivity to latex. Employers must also properly clean, launder, repair, replace, or dispose of contaminated PPE as needed at no cost to the employee. Disposable Gloves Disposable gloves should be a standard component of emergency response and first aid equipment and should be worn by anyone initiating emergency care. It is best to always wear disposable gloves when providing first aid care. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 29 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide Replace your gloves as soon as possible if they are torn, punctured, contaminated, or if their ability to function as a barrier is compromised. Remove contaminated gloves by turning them inside out. Be careful to prevent any splashing or spraying of potentially infectious material. You should always wash your hands after removing your gloves, even if you don't think they were contaminated. Pocket CPR Mask and Gloves Wear face shields when splashes, sprays, spatters, or droplets of infectious material pose a hazard to your eyes, nose, or mouth. It is always better to be prepared and wear a face shield if there is any chance of potential exposure to your eyes, nose, or mouth. Use a disposable ventilation mask or shield with a one-way valve to prevent an exposure when performing rescue ventilations during CPR. It is common for patients to vomit during CPR due to excess air in the stomach. Place contaminated protective equipment in appropriately designed areas or containers for cleaning or disposal. These areas or containers should be properly labeled and identified in your employer's exposure control plan. Scenario Sarah is a medical laboratory technician. As part of her job duties she analyzes blood and body fluid samples. Sarah was recently reprimanded for not wearing disposable gloves to perform her work duties. She tells her supervisor the gloves make it hard for her to handle the collection containers and that she would like to not be required to wear gloves. What should Sarah's supervisor tell her? Sarah's supervisor must tell her the use of personal protective equipment is not optional. She must wear the gloves. The supervisor should also ask Sarah if the gloves are the correct size and fit for her hands. If the gloves are not the correct size, then this issue must be resolved as well. Only under very rare circumstances can an employee decline the use of personal protective equipment. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 30 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 7: REVIEW QUIZ 1. Is it acceptable for an employee to take contaminated clothing home to be washed? a. b. c. yes no maybe . All of these are examples of personal protective equipment, EXCEPT: _______. a. b. c. d. disposable gloves laboratory coat thermometer safety glasses 3. When performing CPR, it is always best to: _______. a. b. c. d. wear disposable gloves use a ventilation mask or shield with a one-way valve be prepared for the patient to vomit all of the above 4. Remove contaminated gloves by: _______. a. b . c. d. cutting them off ripping them off turning them inside out pulling them off and spraying infectious material across the room 5. Place contaminated protective equipment in: _______. a. b. c. d. garbage bag laying on the floor a stainless steel garbage can with no garbage bag appropriately designed areas or containers for cleaning or disposal a plastic basket labeled â€Å"reuse† Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 31 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 8: Hepatitis B (HBV) Immunization Getting vaccinated The best way to prevent Hepatitis B is by getting vaccinated. The Hepatitis B vaccine is considered one of the safest and most effective vaccines ever made. Numerous studies looking at the vaccine's safety have been conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and World Health Organization. Your employer must offer you a Hepatitis B vaccination series if you have a risk of occupational exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials. Your employer must pay for the cost of the vaccination series. You must be offered the vaccination before you undertake tasks that expose you to potentially infectious materials, and at a reasonable time and location. Three shots! The Hepatitis B immunization series requires three separate injections The Hepatitis B vaccine is very effective in protecting against the Hepatitis B virus. Approximately 97 percent of people who receive the vaccine will become fully immune to the virus. It is given in a series of three shots. The entire series of shots is required to provide full immunity. The vaccine is safe with very few adverse reactions. Typical Vaccination Schedule: The first injection can be administered at any given time. The second injection must be given at least one month after the first, and the third injection must be given six months after the first. A licensed physician or other healthcare professional will perform or supervise the vaccinations. Your employer does not have to offer you the vaccination series if you have previously received the complete series or have tested as immune to HBV. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 32 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide You can decline the vaccination for Hepatitis B after being informed of the risks and benefits. To do this, you must sign a declination form. If you initially decline the vaccination for Hepatitis B, you can later request it from your employer at no charge. There are currently two vaccines used to prevent Hepatitis B infection in the United States. Neither vaccine contains blood products. You cannot get Hepatitis B from these vaccines. Scenario Tony has just been accepted to a local paramedic training program. Before beginning the program, the school requires students to receive the Hepatitis B vaccination and pay for it themselves. Is the school required to pay for the vaccination? No. Typically only employers are required to pay for the Hepatitis B vaccination series. Postsecondary schools can require the vaccination series as an admissions requirement, and require the applicant to pay for the cost. There have been instances where public school districts (K-12) have been required to pay for the vaccination series if there is a potential for the student to be exposed to bloodborne pathogens as part of their coursework. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 33 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 8: REVIEW QUIZ 1. Kristina has just been hired for a position which is classified as having occupational exposure. Kristina's employer offers to pay for the Hepatitis B vaccination series. Can Kristina decline the vaccination series? a. yes b. c. no maybe 2. What percentage of people receiving the Hepatitis B vaccine will become fully immune? a. b. c. d. 17% 35% 75% 97% 3. The Hepatitis B vaccine is considered one of the safest and most effective vaccines ever made. a. b. true false 4. Your employer does not have to offer you the vaccination series if: _______. a. b. c. d. you have previously received the complete series or have tested as immune to HBV you have tested immune to HCV you have tested immune to HIV you have previously received one shot of the vaccination series 5. You cannot get Hepatitis B from either of the Hepatitis B vaccines that are available. . true b. false Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 34 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 9: When an Exposure Occurs What to do When You are Exposed When an exposure occurs, immediate self-care is the highest priority. Flush potentially contaminated materials from the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and mouth with large amounts of running water. Allow a puncture wou nd from a potentially contaminated sharp object to bleed. Wash the wound with soap and water. Wash potentially contaminated material off your skin with soap and water as quickly as possible after an exposure. Washing is especially important when you have cuts, rashes, or scrapes on your skin. When available, use a face and eye wash station to flush the eyes, nose, or mouth if they are exposed to blood or bodily fluids. What do you do next? After self-care, report the exposure incident without delay. This allows for timely testing of the source individual and, if necessary, the employee. You will be directed to a healthcare professional for medical evaluation as soon as possible after receiving the source individual's test results. The evaluation will document the route of exposure and how the exposure occurred. There is no cost to you for this evaluation. Post-Exposure Therapy If you are exposed to HIV-infected blood, most medical facilities offer short-term therapy called Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP). This therapy must begin as soon as possible after the exposure. PEP can reduce the risk of getting HIV by as much as 80 percent. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 35 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide The evaluation will also include counseling and education regarding the testing process and the ramifications of the exposure. This includes sexual practices information for the six month post-exposure evaluation period. The result of testing is confidential and will be reported only to you and your company's exposure control plan. No other person will be notified of the results. Scenario Patrick is a nurse working in the emergency department of the local hospital. During one of his shifts he is accidentally jabbed by a used needle. The needle punctures his skin and draws blood. What should Patrick do? Immediate self care is Patrick's first priority. He needs to allow the puncture wound to bleed, hopefully flushing any contaminates out of his body. Next, he should wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water. Next, Patrick needs to report the incident to his direct supervisor so a injury report can be completed. Patrick will then be seen by a health care professional to determine the best course of treatment for him. Sometimes it is possible to test for various diseases if the exposure source can be identified. This is not always possible. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 36 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 9: REVIEW QUIZ 1. While providing first aid treatment to a fellow employee, Maria had blood sprayed into her eyes. What should Maria do first? a. Provide immediate self care. . Report the incident to her supervisor. c. Go to a hospital. d. Continue working. 2. If your eyes, nose, or mouth are exposed to blood or bodily fluids you should: _______. a. use a washcloth to wipe your face off b. flush the eyes, nose, and mouth with large amounts of running water c. take a shower within 24 hours of exposure d. apply baking soda to the eyes, nose, and mouth to absorb any contami nated materials from the mucus membranes 3. If you have potentially contaminated material on your skin the first thing you should do is: _______. a. lay down and elevate the contaminated area b. eek medical attention c. apply ice d. wash with soap and water as quickly as possible 4. You are exposed to contaminated material and finish immediate self-care. What do you do next? a. Go home and try to forget about the exposure. b. Catch a movie to take your mind off of the exposure. c. Report the exposure incident without delay. d. you Write about the exposure incident in your personal journal. 5. If you are exposed to HIV-infected blood, most medical facilities offer short-term therapy called Post- Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP). a. true b. false Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 7 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 10: Housekeeping What is housekeeping? â€Å"Housekeeping† refers to ensuring a worksite is maintained in a clean and sanitary condition. An employer must imp lement an appropriate written schedule for cleaning, and determine the best method to decontaminate each location within a facility. There are four types of regulated waste that require special handling: 1. Liquid or semi-liquid blood or potentially infectious materials 2. Contaminated items that could release potentially infectious material in a liquid or semi-liquid state 3. Items caked (solid or dry) with potentially infectious materials that are capable of releasing these materials during handling 4. Contaminated sharp objects It is of the utmost importance that infectious waste be safely contained. ? Infectious waste should be placed in specially designed containers constructed to contain the contents. ? The containers need to be leak-proof, labeled or color coded, and closed prior to removal to prevent spills. ? If a container is leaking, place it in a secondary leak-proof container. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 38 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide Contaminated Laundry Contaminated laundry† refers to laundry that is soiled with potential infectious material or that may contain sharp objects, such as needles. ? ? Contaminated laundry should be handled as little as possible. Wear gloves when handling contaminated laundry, and place it in labeled, leak-proof bags or containers before transporting it. ? Never take contaminated protective clothing home for laundering, even if it is personal clothing. ? Pick up potentially contaminated broken glassware using mechanical means only, such as tongs, forceps, or brush and dustpan. ? Never use your hands, even if you are wearing gloves. Contaminated items should not be stored or processed in a way that requires you to reach into containers. Work practice controls should be established to prevent you from reaching into a container to remove potentially contaminated items, such as glassware or needles. All equipment and work surfaces that could become contaminated should be cleaned and decontaminated routinely using an appropriate disinfectant while wearing PPE. All pails, bins, and similar reusable receptacles should be decontaminated on a regular basis and as soon as possible after visible contamination is noticed. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 39 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide Scenario Kevin is a custodial engineer for a local middle school. As part of his job duties, he is required to clean the health room daily. It is common for students to have minor injuries or ailments, such as nose bleeds or a skinned knee, during the school day. What housekeeping issues does Kevin face? It is important all contaminated materials, such as bloody gauze, is contained, labeled, and disposed of properly. Kevin should wear PPE, such as gloves, when performing this task. Kevin should decontaminate the health room surfaces daily using an approved method and appropriate disinfectant. If visible blood or body fluids are present on a surface, the fluid should be cleaned and the surface decontaminated immediately. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 40 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 10: REVIEW QUIZ 1. Is it acceptable for an employee to take contaminated clothing home to be washed? a. yes b. no c. maybe 2. One of the four types of regulated waste that requires special handling is: _______. a. b. c. d. ater with a concentration of bleach that is 5% or greater liquid or semi-liquid blood or potentially infectious materials cigarette butts food wrappers or cups that have been used by persons with HIV 3. In regards to bloodborne pathogens and contaminated materials, what is â€Å"housekeeping†? a. An employer managing their financial books appropriately. b. When an employer lays off employees that cause trouble, especially employees that expose themselves to bloodborne pathogens. c. Employees cleaning and maintaining their own homes. d. An employer ensuring a worksite is maintained in a clean and sanitary condition. . Infectious waste should be: _______. a. b. c. d. placed in specially designed containers constructed to contain the contents placed in any available garbage can thrown out with all of the other garbage both b and c 5. Pick up potentially contaminated broken glassware using: _______. a. your bare hands b. mechanical means only, such as tongs, forceps, or brush and dustpan c. your hands while wearing gloves d. both a and c Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 41 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide 6. Contaminated items should not be stored or processed in a way that requires you to reach into containers. . true b. false Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 42 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 11: Communicating a Hazard in the Workplace Primary methods of communicating: Signs and Labels Signs a nd labels that alert you to the presence of potentially infectious material and the risk of exposure are vital to a workplace with occupational exposure to potentially infectious materials. Be sure you are aware of and abide by all signs and labels signaling hazards and hazardous material. Signs should have a fluorescent orange or orange-red background with a black â€Å"biohazard† symbol in the foreground. Labels must contain the biohazard symbol and must have the word â€Å"Biohazard† written on them. A biohazard label or sign should be attached to each object or container of contaminated material by string, wire, adhesive, or another method that prevents loss or unintentional removal of the label or sign. When red bags or containers with the biohazard symbol on them are used, a sign or label is not necessary. Also, when medical laboratory personnel are drawing and testing blood samples, the individual containers housing potentially infectious materials do not need to be labeled. Properly indicating contaminated material using labels and signs will greatly reduce the risk of accidental exposure to the contaminated material. It is important to maintain appropriate container labeling at all times. Annual training must be conducted for all employees with occupational exposure. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 43 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide Information and Training All employees (including part-time and temporary employees) with occupational exposure in the organization should participate in a training program that is provided at no cost during working hours. The training materials used should be appropriate in content and vocabulary to the educational and literacy levels and are conveyed in the language of the employees. The training materials should clearly state the objectives of the training. Trainers should be knowledgeable in the subject matter covered by the training program as it relates to the workplace. All employees should have an opportunity for interactive questions and answers with the person(s) conducting the training. If computer or online training is used, it should provide an opportunity for a person knowledgeable about the training material to be available to answer questions. Training Program Elements The Bloodborne Pathogens training program should include information and explanations of at least the following: ? ? ? ? Epidemiology, symptoms, and modes of transmission of bloodborne diseases the Exposure control plan that has been implemented and how to obtain a copy of the written plan Appropriate methods for recognizing tasks and activities that may involve exposure to blood or OPIM Use and limitations of methods that will prevent or reduce exposures, including appropriate engineering, administrative or work practice controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE) Information and Training ? ? The basis for selection of PPE Types, proper use, location, removal, handling, decontamination, and disposal of PPE Hepatitis B vaccination series, including its efficacy, safety, method of administration, benefits, and the fact that the vaccination will be offered to employees free of charge ? ? Appropriate actions to take and persons to contact in an emergency involving blood or OPIM Procedure to follow if an exposure incident occurs, including the: 44 Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide o o o ? Method of reporting the incident Medical follow-up that will be made available Procedure for recording the incident in the sharps injury log Post-exposure evaluation and follow-up that will be made available to employees Signs, labels, and/or color codings that are used Frequency of Training Training should be provided at the time of employees' initial assignment (to tasks in which occupational exposure may occur) and at least annually thereafter (i. e. , within one year of their previous training). Additional training, limited to addressing the new exposures created, is provided to the employee whose occupational exposure is affected by: ? ? ? Introduction of new engineering, administrative, or work practice controls Changes or modifications in existing tasks or procedures Institution of new tasks or procedures Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 45 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide Scenario Jennifer works for a computer parts manufacturer. One of her job duties is to perform housekeeping tasks for her section of the warehouse. During her last shift an employee was injured and required first aid treatment, producing contaminated clothing and personal protective equipment. This contaminated material needs to be labeled and disposed of. How should Jennifer dispose of this contaminated material? Jennifer needs to use appropriate personal protective equipment while working with the contaminated materials. She must also place the contaminated material in a leakproof bag that is labeled with the symbol and word â€Å"Biohazard†. Jennifer should then dispose of the bag based on her employer's exposure control plan. What's missing on the bag of contaminated clothing to the right? Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 46 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 11: REVIEW QUIZ 1. Signs should have a: _______. a. fluorescent yellow background with a black â€Å"lightning bolt† symbol in the foreground b. fluorescent red background with a black â€Å"radioactivity† symbol in the foreground c. fluorescent orange or orange-red background with a black â€Å"biohazard† symbol in the foreground d. red background with a black â€Å"skull† symbol in the foreground 2. A biohazard label or sign should: _______. a. be attached to each object or container of contaminated material b. be posted, at eye level, at the entrance of any room that contains biohazard material c. not be necessary if the biohazard container is made of a clear material and has no indicators that contaminated material is inside d. contain the contaminated materials symbol and the words â€Å"contaminated materials† written on it 3. All employees (including part-time and temporary employees) with occupational exposure in the rganization should participate in a training program that is provided at no cost during working hours. a. true b. false 4. The Bloodborne Pathogens training program should include: _______. a. The Exposure control plan that has been implemented and how to obtain a copy of the written plan. b. Appropriate methods for recognizing tasks and activities that may involve exposure to blood or OPIM. c. Types, proper use, location, removal, handling, decontamina tion, and disposal of PPE. d. All of the above. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 47 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide 5. Training should be provided at the time of employees' initial assignment (to tasks in which occupational exposure may occur) and at least: _______. a. semi-annually thereafter (i. e. , within six months of their previous training) b. annually thereafter (i. e. , within one year of their previous training) c. every 2 years thereafter (i. e. , within two years of their previous training) d. every 3 years thereafter (i. e. , within three years of their previous training) Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 48

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Study Skills - Essay Example Being a competent independent learner is derived from being self motivated, being able to manage personal learning processes, good time management skills and continually reflecting on what and how you learn best and tailoring your energies to suit. Within this portfolio I will examine the development of learner independence, time management, self evaluation of personal learning, production of an action plan and improving my essay writing skills. If as anticipated this is completed successfully it will add additional skills to my current ones and aide me in my current quest to secure a higher second grade result on this degree course. Learner independence or autonomy can be defined as â€Å"capacity to take responsibility for, and control of, your own learning, whether in an institutionalised context, or completely independent of a teacher or institution† (Thornbury, 2006). Learner independence is the ability of the learners to control their learning process (Holec, 1981). In the present age, when knowledge is growing at very fast pace because of the ongoing research work and rapid advancements in technology, the importance of independent learning cannot be overemphasized. Learners must understand that the education they are provided with at institutions is time-constrained, and what they need to learn is not limited to what they are taught in schools. Most learners used to learning in the traditional classroom environment do not develop independence in learning because this behaviour is not emphasized enough by the teachers. Many students would opt for independent learning if the teachers tell them that t he resources can be used independently as well if they are interested in further self-study (Krzanowski, 2007). It is very essential for students to understand the process through which learning takes place and what style works best for an individual. Since distance learning requires

Social influencing factors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Social influencing factors - Essay Example The element of social grouping is known to encompass small groups, economic status and social roles. A few of such kinds of groups are deemed to pose a direct form of manipulation or control over a particular individual. For instance, reference groups are considered to act as direct as well as indirect kinds of assessment or orientation in developing an individual’s beliefs or approaches which in turn deliberately influences the purchase decisions considered by those people (Te’eni-Harari, 2010; Armstrong & et. al., 2005). Reference Groups From a theoretical perspective, groups are found to exert influence on various individuals and are generally regarded as reference groups. Individuals are known to make use of pertinent groups for the purpose of a specification either as an indication or an orientation in opposition to which the individual is evaluated. The degree of manipulation with regard to the reference groups posed on the behaviour of the individuals is known to be frequently made apparent in relation to the kinds of products as well as brands bought by individuals. Consumer behaviour is considered to be the reflection of the sum of consumer’s decisions concerning purchase, utilisation and disposition of products or services over time. The pattern of purchasing behaviour denotes more than just the method of how an individual decides upon consuming tangible products. It also includes other aspects such as obtaining ideas or opinions from friends concerning the use of services (Arnould & et. al., 2004). It is in this regard that referents who are known to possess higher extent of authority, for instance those with assumed proficiency, are expected to often act as influences on the basis of information sources for hesitant or ignorant consumers (Eszter, 2008). Conversely, the utilitarian form of influence is supposed to get replicated in the requirement for psychological associations in terms of the specified reference group. It has be en further mentioned in this regard that the utilitarian related influence tend to stand for the idea with regard to normative influences. For instance, teachers, peers and parents are considered to be the normative referents offering prospective consumers approaches, customs and values with the help of a direct form of interaction (Childers & Rao, 1992). The behavioural pattern of the consumers is known to relate to the process of understanding the purchase related decision-making by the consumers (Kotler, 2003). With regard to the above mentioned context it can be understood that the aspect of the buying related pattern of the consumers is also explained to be the familiarity of the groups, individuals or organisations along with the procedures that are implemented for the purpose of choosing, protecting, utilising and disposing of the selected services, ideas, products and experiences in order to satisfy the requirements as well as the influences of the mentioned procedures posed to the society overall as well as the consumers. Thus, it can be conclusively identified from the stated explanation that a particular behaviour is triggered for a specific individual or with respect to a definite group owing to which it can be discerned that social aspect is amongst the factors that tend to greatly affect the purchase

THE GREAT GLOBAL WARNING SWINDLE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

THE GREAT GLOBAL WARNING SWINDLE - Essay Example The relentless quest for the so called betterment of society has resulted in a drastic increase in the so called greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. Many studies have shown that these gases that are released from factories and other manufacturing establishments have contributed to warming of the earth’s atmosphere. This factor could have far reaching consequences with regard to survival of the human species and other living organisms in the planet in the sense that increased temperature could result in rising of the levels of water bodies in the world. The argument is that polar ice caps will begin to melt resulting in rise in water levels of the oceans and seas across the globe. This rise in water levels can result in large areas of inhabited land being inundated by seas and oceans, ultimately resulting in destruction of human habitation (and other species). In effect, the layman is now presented with an apocalypse view of what might happen to Mot her Earth if this so called progress of technology is left unchecked. In fact, it is one of the most controversial and contentious issues that is probably facing the world in the long run. What is to be considered is that temperatures have risen overall that life in any form is precious and any activity that is detrimental to this should be stopped. This argument, primarily by environmentalists and those concerned with sustainability is that industrialization in its current form is a sure way to ensure destruction of life on planet earth. But other arguments by equally qualified scientists and other experts show that human activity does not have the capability to imbalance the power of nature. In other words, the so called pollution and the greenhouse gases is not a major factor in contributing to the future of life on earth for any species including human beings. One of the most controversial films regarding the

History week6 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History week6 questions - Essay Example The New World conquest yielded new lands, riches and slave labor which set-off an imperialistic hunger that spread to Africa. It was closer, larger and the natives from that continent were preferred as slaves over the natives of the Americas. The Europeans quickly claimed jurisdiction over most regions of Africa and Turkey as well. The British conquered India and did modernize its economy but it was to their own benefit. Although this trend was interrupted by the shake-ups of the 1700s and 1800s industrial, social and political revolutions, European nations readopted the strategy moving into the 20th century, introducing enough civil unrest to trigger the world’s first World War. By the early 19th century, the New World wealth had been well plundered and it was widely feared that the slaves emanating from there could spread new diseases in Europe or contract European diseases and die themselves. Africa was an attractive target to quench the Europeans’ new thirst to create far-away empires and control territories that held the raw materials needed to maintain and grow their prosperous economies which were built upon imperialistic tactics. New territories also meant the opportunity to trade with new markets. By the mid 19th century, the conquest for Africa was well underway. Gaining and controlling new territories outside the original country was justified by many explanations. A certain amount of national pride fueled the desire for an expansionist agenda. Obtaining new colonies was widely viewed as a gauge of a nation’s global prominence. Another justification was based on the prevalent racist attitude. â€Å"Europeans thought that they were b etter than Africans† (McDougal-Littell, 1999). Church officials and missionaries encouraged imperialism because the natives of conquered territories could be more easily coerced to convert to Christianity. The British East India Company owned vast tracts of land and was the

The Abolition of Man Cs Lewis Review Essay Example for Free

The Abolition of Man Cs Lewis Review Essay The Abolition of Man was written by C.S. Lewis in 1943. It was subtitled Reflections on education with special reference to the teaching of English in the upper forms of schools†. C.S. Lewis was born in 1898 and died in 1963 (same day as Robert F. Kennedy). He was a fiction and non-fiction writer whose most popular non-fiction work was â€Å"The Chronicles of Narnia†. Lewis was a Classicist who agreed philosophically with Plato and Aristotle and also considered himself a â€Å"Pagan in a World of Apostate Christians†. Lewis was also a friend of JRR Tolkien. The Abolition of Man is listed as #7 on the top 200 greatest works of the 20th Century. In Abolition Lewis writes of two opposing views: The World off the Green Book vs. the World of the Tao. â€Å"Abolition of Man† is a short philosophical work about moral education. In Chapter 1 â€Å"Men Without Chests† the Tao is described as a broad generalization of traditional moralities of the East and West consisting of Buddhist, Hindu, Christian, Confusion, Jewish, Muslim, and Socratic ideologies. The Tao is the sole source of valued judgments and something we cannot change otherwise the Tao would cease to exist. Within the Tao judgments are either right or they are wrong. Within the â€Å"World of the Green Book† all valued judgments and morality are subjective. The green Book itself is really an English textbook used in English upper advance primary schools. The text of the Green book teaches students that sentences containing the predicate of value are not statements about qualities in their subjects but rather unimportant statements about the speakers own feelings. Lewis believed that this philosophy was out of place in an English text book, regardless o f its validity, and proceeds to tear the philosophy apart. The Green book states that objects can merit our approval or disapproval. Lewis describes The Mind of Man in a platonic division of three: Head- the Center of man’s intelligence Stomach- The center of man’s desire Chest- The center of man’s will Lewis argues that removing all sentiments from the mind (as rationalists try to do) produces â€Å"Men Without Chests†. Lewis believes that making valued judgments are an essential part of clear thinking. In Chapter 2, â€Å"The Way†, Lewis hacks away at all other alternative system of values. Lewis goes on to argue that no one can debunk the Tao. To debunk the Tao and have a defensible position against it, one must invoke it. While attempting to debunk the Tao all other systems such as Progressivism, Utilitarianism, and instinct based ethics can be debunked themselves. â€Å"Debunking the Tao debunks itself† Lewis write of other systems. Lewis states that all other systems fall apart among further examination and people who try to debunk the Tao are trying to substitute some other system for it. In Chapter 2 arbitrary goals of other systems are described as necessary, progressive, and efficient. Lewis asks of these systems: Necessary for what? Progressing towards what? Affecting what? What are these goals and why are they desirable? The Tao states that â€Å"certain states of affairs are intrinsically meritorious†. To Lewis, Utilitarianism fails because it is a social ethic and that it lacks personal obligation. Instinct based ethics are our moral values that are derived from animal instincts. Lewis asks â€Å"Do our animal instincts make our morality?† Concerning ethics Lewis tells us that ethics are not something that tell us what we actually do but rather ethics is about telling us what we OUGHT to do, should do, should have done, ought to have done, and OUGHT to be doing. He goes on to say that basing our ethics on instincts does not make sense and that basing ethics on instincts is basing ethics on what people tell us to do. â€Å"People say different things†¦so do our instincts. Our instincts are at war with each other.† There are times in which we should control and suppress our instincts and that there is no one great instinct we should obey. In summation, ethics cannot be derived from our instincts. Chapter two ends with Lewis concluding that the Tao is the sole source of all valued judgment and that nothing is intrinsically evil. All evil is the result of twisting something good and that moral progress is â€Å"timeless, constant, and unchanging.† Lewis referred to chapter one â€Å"Men without Chests† as the present, chapter two â€Å"The Way† as the past, and chapter three â€Å"The Abolition of Man† as the future. The Abolition of man comes in when one tries to exercise the Tao from humanity, because man cannot be man without it. The Tao is a defining characteristic of man, found in no animals, and nowhere else in the universe that we know of. â€Å"To become a race that rejects the Tao is to become something other than human.† I have to admit, â€Å"The Abolition of Man† is one of the hardest reads I’ve ever had. I think if there was some way to modernize it and translate some of what Lewis was talking about it could end up b eing one of the great works of the 21st century. All in all I have probably read this book three times and I’m still a bit confused. My take on it is this; Lewis describes a principle of right and wrong. There is no grey area of the Tao, it is what is intrinsically good in the universe regardless of which philosophy you choose to follow. By trying to discredit what is intrinsically good you are discrediting yourself as any argument that stands against what is all good must contain something that is bad†¦therefore it is wrong to even try. Ethics are not instinctive and instincts themselves, although natural, are not always good just because they are instinctive.

Pressure on Women for Perfect Bodies

Pressure on Women for Perfect Bodies Society, a word used to describe a group of people in a opinionated state. Judging   and basing a theory on one another and showing hate on the way someone looks and appears. This has caused both Boys and girls to feel pressured for the positive attention of others, online and in person . all people want is to feel wanted and accepted so they will do anything to be appreciated or praised because of their clothes, luxuries, and most importantly body types. However guys arent as pressured to have better bodies than girls. Girls are put to shame and called names and bullied to the extent of death because of the unrealistic picture of perfect. What is the ideal weight? the question is thrown in the air and tossed around. No one knows the right answer but girls feel insecure and self conscious about how others view them leading to eating disorders which   have been a common effect caused by the image of perfect the internet has drilled in peoples heads. Unfortunately things are only getting worse girls weighing under 150 pounds and under the age of   20 are going into hospitals, and getting help from psychiatrists because of unhealthy eating habits and drug abuse to lose weight . all because of fear of getting bigger or   uglier   to look like someone that the individual looks up to most, as a idol. Whats most surprising is that, to some fans, those photos werent alarming, but inspiring. I admire her, wrote one 19-year-old girl about Mary-Kates increasingly gaunt appearance on a teen Web sites message board devoted to eating disorders. The girl had cut out the skinniest pictures of Mary-Kate, she wrote, and pasted them in my journal, because that is what I am striving to look like.(   pressure to be perfect  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   ) Many girls see photos of models and famous skinny girls showing their bones and on the verge of anorexia as inspirational and something they strive to look like only because they are famous and looked up to by many. These thought and actions of Eating disorders are not only affecting your physical appearance but also your mental stability.Whats a person to think? Perfect images of perfect celebrities are everywhere. Its enough to make anyone feel insecure or envious( pretty unreal ) Not only are images of most liked celebrities everywhere you look on instagram or the internet but they are engraved in your mind.When you pass a mirror you dont see beauty you see the negatives and silently compare yourself to some complete stranger. In your eyes they   have a perfect body and a way about them you strive to be instead of being happy with you rself. There is no ideal weight or size and girls so young shouldnt be worrying about such a minor thing so early in life and extreme dieting . These issues are leading to depression and self doubt, confidence is fading and so is happiness in all girls anorexia is glamorized and girls are falsely labeled. In todays generation no one can honestly trust the way someone looks. So much is done to a single picture or video of stars, airbrush effects are done before a photo shoot session or filming and tons of editing for that look of perfection. Its proven that more than half of the films have some type of post production altering done.Most kids such as Leah expect catalog and magazine models to be airbrushed to perfection. But many kids dont realize that movie and television actors can be altered during postproduction. In the last few years, technology has made it possible for editors to change a stars smile, hair and body after the movie has been filmed. We call it beauty work, says Richard E. Greenberg (pressure to be perfect, celebrities have lots of help to make them look flawless)The quote provides proof that alterations ar e done so you arent seeing the real stars so its all fake they dont seriously look like that so why strive to be something non existent . the pressure of perfect bodies come from the feeling of competition to stand out, until then depression and loss of confidence   are increased. Despite models best efforts, many still dont look good enough for the industry. One hundred percent of fashion photos are retouched, said Brad Adams, a New York City photographer whose retouching service works with advertising agencies. Usually the eyes and teeth are whitened, makeup and skin problems corrected, and hair cleaned up. Models are already thin, but Ive done jobs where even skinny models are made to look skinnier.(pretty unreal)Girls dont think about the time money and editing done to everything now days. The image of perfect still sticks in their minds and makes young people depressed and not appreciate their natural bodies.If movie makers can make up humans imagine what they can do to the real people. Seeing these things hurts you and your body image , you see yourself as less of a person because of a group of peoples opinion on perfect bodies. No one knows what perfection really is different cultures seek perfect in different ways. ultimately your body image has a lot to do with your mind not your body which leads back to confidence and self doubt. Girls health concerns and desire to have a perfect body has made extreme increases in request of plastic surgery before the age of 18. The problem is your body isnt even done growing yet and it brings up concerns about your future and how it will affect you later on in life. A teen girls idea of perfection is a thin waist big butt and larger breast, plastic surgery seems to be the go to solution of the present generations. Its became a huge issue in debate of asking for plastic surgery as gifts and incentives just to be satisfied with how you feel about yourself.Most board-certified plastic surgeons say they usually wont perform implant surgery on girls under 18 unless one breast is much smaller than the other. Girls finishing high school, though, often request-and get-implants as graduation gifts. (pressure to be perfect) Thankfully plastic surgeons are realizing how insane the demand of younger generations wanting plastic surgery has become that they have put limitations and restri ctions on the usage and availability to girls under the age of 18. Alot more then just implants are taking place.Teens are having other cosmetic procedures, such as botox injections and eyelid surgery, in greater numbers too. But plastic surgery carries risks, particularly for teens. Their bodies are not done transforming and changing, says Dr. Lawrence Bass, a board-certified plastic surgeon in New York City. Its like building a house on quicksand-the foundation isnt stable.( pressure to be perfect) Both quotes provide solid examples of just how extreme the pressure to have a perfect body has impacted young girls and just how willing they are to go through surgery to fix their self esteem.   Making surgery such a easy fix and escape to a problem has caused addiction and health problems along your of growth. A perfect body is a prized possession to many teen girls that means more than life itself, having a bigger butt or bigger breast doesnt make you any better of a person , there is no need in having to stand out. Individuals from all over believe that females have more pressure than males to have the ideal body.Girls get made fun of more about what they look like each year and more are proven to be taking weight loss pills at such a young age. Unhealthy as that is its better than surgery. Many young girls starting in middle school get called names and made fun of but brush it off and dont let it get to them. However after hearing the same stuff for so long you begin to believe what you hear leading to trying out pills to speed up your metabolism.Girls seem particularly prone to body-image issues. When I was younger, it was harder because I wanted to fit in so much, admitted Natalie, 17, of Humphrey, Neb. Erika from Scottsdale added, Im in cheer, and most of my friends want to lose weight. She says she has dieted before and goes to the gym several times a week. Meanwhile, her classmate, Aliraza, 15, says he has never really worried about his looks. Im pretty sure girls have a lot more pressure when it comes to appearance. (pretty unreal) Guys dont start worrying about their bodies till later on in life when they really start looking for a significant other. while girls start worrying about their appearance when they start seeing things they dont like about themselves or when someone has something you dont. Fitting in means a lot a girls if a perfect body will achieve that than what will stop you. Some experts say boys are starting to face the pressures long placed on girls, as buff, bare men proliferate in pop culture. ( a guy thing too )   .Although girls arent the only ones feeling the pressure its more so drawn into girls to strive to be perfect and have a nice body to attract men. Most men dont get made fun of because of their bodies because they dont care as much as a girl does until later in life.Its not about the body, its just a mental issue. A issue that has been a problem for too long numbers have increased of weight loss pills taken by nearly 15% since 2000. Which may not seem like a lot , but thats one in every six females in the world are taking these pills to maintain a image of perfect. Society has ruined the mental health of women worldwide just because of a perfect body A Lot of change has happened to the mental and physical health of females of all ages since the year 2000. Females strive to have attention and be recognized for a perfect body so bad that things have went to the extreme of surgery at such a young age, taking weight loss pills and having depression issues.psychiatrist have gotten involved in teenages comparing themselves to celebrities and developing eating disorders. Girls are pressured most to have perfect bodies at such a young age it will forever be a issue until people learn to appreciate how unique each individual is made. Works Cited Alpert, Emily. A Guy Thing Too. Los Angeles Times, 14 Jun 2013, pp. A.1. SIRS Discoverer, http://discoverer.prod.sirs.com. Beau, Emilie L. Looking Perfect. Chicago Tribune (Chicago, IL), 24 Aug 2006, SIRS Discoverer, http://discoverer.prod.sirs.com. Mehta, Julie. Pretty Unreal. Current Health 2 (Vol.31, No.5), Jan 2005, pp. 15+. SIRS Discoverer, http://discoverer.prod.sirs.com. Wulff, Jennifer. Pressure to Be Perfect Vol. 62 No. 4. PEOPLE.com. Time Inc, 26 July 2004. Web. 13 Feb. 2017

Technological Frontier :: essays research papers

America has been a country full of optimism, perseverance, and freedom of ideas and beliefs. The frontier- a mental or physical area where much remains to be done- is a belief that has and still propels and influences America today. The technological frontier is probably the most influenced by the frontier belief. There is always room for better in technology. The technological advancements in the past 50 years outnumber the amount advancements from the beginning of time up to 50 years ago. Technological advancements have made it easier to for humans to live and adapt to their universe. Technology has expanded exponentially from the beginning of time until the 90's. In the 90's technological advancements have taken off at a higher exponential rate. For every frontier that appears to be complete, a new frontier has opened up and is unsolved. The frontier consists of branches that have branches themselves, resembling a tree. The frontier is far from ending, if there is an ending. Duri ng this rapid technological advancement period where we are trying to fulfill that long-term, near perfect technology, there have been short-term constraints in technology that have and will continue to open new branches in technology. Engineers have been trained to discover new technologies that enhance human life by designing new products and things that make life easier and safer for everyone. Engineers are obligated to use their skills, intelligence and apply their knowledge to promote human welfare. An example of this has been the advancement of communications. Instead of sending a letter to a family member or loved one by pony express, now one can send mail in just seconds through e-mail. This technological advancement makes it easier and better to communicate that is satisfying to humans. These advancements in the long term will have small constraints, but in the short term there're broader constraints and limits. Email about five years ago could only be accessed through internet service providers such as: AOL, Prodigy, CompuServe, TexasNet, and institution accounts. Now email can be retrieved and sent over the internet without having these big name internet service providers. There are now services like Yah oo, Hotmail, Rocketmail, and Juno that offer free email accounts over the web for any one. Within the past few years, technology has allowed email users to send voice and video emails, which was impossible before. Email still has delays ranging from a few seconds to a few minutes when you send your email over the internet.